The level of professionalisation in human smuggling, according to our panelists, depends on the particular stage of the smuggling process and the sophistication of the border controls to be overcome.
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Question 3 – Another myth connected to smuggling is the one pertaining to its organisation. We hear of smugglers organised into cartels, networks or transnational groups, but also of small-scale operations. What does your work suggest, and what does that say about irregular migration?
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